2008-02-18 来源：中国教育在线 我要评论（0）
难点1 并非只表抽象的抽象名词
抽象名词一般看作不可数名词,但有时也可与冠词连用，表示具体化。
●难点磁场
1.（★★★★★）Jumping out of airplane at ten thousand feet is quite________exciting experience.
A.不填；the B.不填；an C.an；an D.the；the
2.（★★★★★）Many people agree that________knowledge of English is________must in international trade today.
A.a；a B.the；an C.the；the D.不填；the
3.（★★★★★）One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________good knowledge of basic word information.
A./ B.the C.a D.one
4.（★★★★）-I hear that as many as 150 people were killed in the earthquake.
-Yes，________news came as________shock to us.
A.the；the B.the；a C.不填；不填 D.不填；a
5.(★★★★)He has______great interest in history，especially in______history of Tang Dynasty.
A.a；the B.a；/ C./；the D./；a
●案例探究
1.For many Beijingers，dreams of living in___green area are becoming____reality.
A.a；a B.the；the C.不填；不填 D.the；不填
命题意图：表面看本题考查学生对冠词的用法，其实也考查了学生对抽象名词具体化的掌握，属于五星级题目。
知识依托：抽象名词并非都作不可数名词。
错解分析：D选项迷惑性较大，许多同学会认为reality为抽象名词，不能用a。
解题方法与技巧：抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示性质类别的修饰词，指概念的"一种""一类""一次"等时，可用不定冠词，例如：Physics is a science.
答案：A
2.The police have________power to arrest bad people by________law.
A.the；the B.a；a C.the；不填 D.不填；the
命题意图：考查学生对抽象名词具体化的理解，属于四星级题目。
知识依托：定冠词与抽象名词连用，特指双方都了解的人或事。
错解分析：许多学生会认为D正确，认为power是抽象名词，故不能用冠词。
解题方法与技巧：to arrest bad people是power的定语，故此处用the表示特指。
答案：C
●锦囊妙计
1.不定冠词与抽象名词连用表示：
①一种、一场或某个动作的一次、一番。例如：It was a war，have a look，have a try。
②某一品质的具体行动。例如：Thank you，Tim.You have done me a kindness.
③引起某种情绪的事。例如：It‘s a pleasure to work with you. It‘s a pity that you can‘t swim.
2.定冠词与抽象名词连用，特指某一时、某一次的行动或情绪，或说话的双方都了解的人或事。
3.注意：有些词组中，有没有冠词含义是不同的。试比较：
●歼灭难点训练
1.(★★★★)He is________（help）to me.
2.(★★★★)Nowadays many young people get into________habit of smoking in________public and can‘t kick it.
A.the；the B./；/ C./；the D.the；/
3.(★★★★★)-The news is spreading from mouth to mouth.
-Yes，it‘s become________talk of________town.
A.a；a B.the；/ C.the；the D.a；/
4.(★★★★★)In face of________failure，it is the most important to keep up________good state of mind.
A./；a B.a；/ C.the；/ D./；the
5.(★★★★★)Having received________training of the Ms.Company，he was offered________important position in management.
A.the；an B.不填；an C.the；不填 D.a；a
6.(★★★★★)In________Sahara Desert，________rain was scarce，but in my hometown there is________heavy rain now and then，and the river around the town rises a lot after________.
A.the；the；a；a heavy rain B.the；/；a；heavy rains
C./；/；/；a heavy rain D.the；the；a；heavy rains
7.(★★★★)The building was completed in________September of 1956 not in________October,1955.
A./；the B.the；the C./；/ D.the；/
难点2 冠词的非前位用法
限定语与所修饰的中心名词的关系一般顺序是：冠词+表示大小尺寸的限定词+表示颜色的限定词+表示原材料的限定词+中心名词。但在某些固定结构中，冠词放在了形容词之后。
●难点磁场
1.(★★★★)-What about________book？
-It‘s too difficult________book.
A.a；a B.a；the C.the；the D.the；a
2.(★★★★★)________Beijing you see today is quite________different city from what it used to be.
A.The；不填 B.The；a C.不填；the D.A；a
●案例探究
1.Peter won‘t drive us to the station.He has________to take us all.
A.a very small car B.too small a car
C.a too small car D.such a small car
命题意图：考查学生对冠词不放在第一位的固定结构的掌握，属于四星级题目。
知识依托：不定冠词放在too+形容词之后。
错解分析：C迷惑性较大，学生都学过too+adj./adv. +to…结构，但对于too+adj.+n.?+to…结构不熟悉。
解题方法与技巧：名词前修饰语一般正常语序为：不定冠词+形容词+名词。但有些固定结构需注意，如too+adj. +a/an+n.。
答案：B
2.Exercise is________as any other to lose unwanted weight.
A.so useful a way B.as a useful way
C.as useful a way D.such a useful way
命题意图：考查学生对冠词不放在第一位的固定结构的掌握，属五星级题目。
知识依托：不定冠词放在as+形容词之后。
错解分析：A、B迷惑性较大，so…as结构常用于否定句和疑问句，故不能选A、B。
解题方法与技巧：名词前修饰语正常语序为：不定冠词+形容词+名词，但有些固定结构需注意，如：as+adj. +a/an+n.?
答案：C
●锦囊妙计
1.不定冠词用在quite，rather，many，half，what，much等词之后。例如：
He is rather a fool.
-What did you think of the concert？
-Oh，it was quite a success.
2.不定冠词用在so（as，too，how）+形容词之后。
例如：She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
It‘s too difficult a book for us to read.
注意：以元音音素开头的名词前加不定冠词时用"an"。例如：an apple。
即使单词拼写以辅音字母开头，但该词的读音是元音音素开头，加不定冠词时也要用"an"，例如：an hour，an honest boy；反之，拼写以元音字母开头，但读音是辅音，加不定冠词时要用"a"，例如：a university。
3.so…that与such…that:
①so…that和such…that都作"如此……以致"解，that引导结果状语从句。常见句型如下：
so
②such…that和so…that有时可以换用，条件是such所修饰的名词必须是一个单数可数名词，且该名词还带有表性质的形容词。转变公式如下：such a/an+形容词+名词→so+形容词+a/an+名词。
例如：He is such a good student that we all like him.→He is so good a student that we all like him。
但是，如果是不可数名词或复数可数名词，则只能用such，不能用so修饰。
例如：It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home。
③如果复数名词前有many，few，不可数名词前有much，little等表示量的形容词时，应该用so而不用such。
如：I‘ve had so many falls that I‘m black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together（维持生活）。
但little不表示数量而表示"小"的意思时，仍用such。
例如：They are such little children that they cannot clean the house by themselves.
●歼灭难点训练
1.(★★★★)Ann is________girl.
A.quite a bright B.a quite bright
2.(★★★★).It‘s ________day.
A.a rather cold B.rather a cold C.a cold rather
3.(★★★★★)________is here.
A.Many a boy B.Many boys
4.(★★★★)多么聪明的一个男孩。
5.(★★★★)English is ________to the world as other languages.
A.so useful a bridge B.as a useful bridge
C.as useful a bridge D.such a useful bridge
[next]难点 3 不定代词的固定表达
不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数与不可数、单数与复数的区别，用时需慎重。
●难点磁场
1.(★★★★)-Is________here?
-No,Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody D.nobody
2.(★★★★)They were very tired,but________of them would stop to take a rest.
A.any B.some C.none D.neither
3.(★★★★)I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have________.
A.it B.those C.them D.one
4.(★★★★★)-When shall we meet again?
-Make it ________day you like;it‘s all the same to me.
A.one B.any C.another D.some
5.(★★★★★)I agree with most of what you said,but I don‘t agree with________.
A.everything B.anything C.something D.nothing
(NMET1997)
6.(★★★★★)Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers.Now she would like to read________stories by writers from________countries.
A.some;any B.other;some C.some;other D.other;other
7.(★★★★)-Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
-I‘m afraid________day is possible.
A.either B.neither C.some D.any
8.(★★★★★)Dr.Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge,I can‘t remember________.
A.where B.there C.which D.that
9.(★★★★★)-Are the new rules working?
-Yes.________books are stolen.
A.Few B.More C.Some D.None
10.(★★★★)Few pleasures can equal________of a cool drink on a hot day.
A.some B.any C.that D.those
●案例探究
1.If you want to change for a double room,you‘ll have to pay________＄15.
A.another B.other C.more D.each
(NMET2000)
命题意图：本题考查学生对"又""再"的英语表达方式的掌握，属五星级题目。
知识依托："another+数词+复数可数名词"表示在原有基础上多出的数量。
错解分析：B、C迷惑性较大。因other、more也有"再""又"之意，但位置与another不同。
解题方法与技巧：必须记清表达方式，数词+more/other+复数可数名词。
答案：A
例：I‘ve got another three books.
I‘ve got three more/other books.
2.-Why don‘t we take a little break?
-Didn‘t we just have________?
A.it B.that C.one D.this
(NMET2000)
命题意图：考查学生对表示特指事物的代词和表示泛指事物的代词的区别，属四星级题目。
知识依托：one代替单数可数名词，但泛指物。
错解分析：A项选择迷惑性较大。因人称代词it和不定代词one都可以代替单数可数名词，但it指特定事物。
解题方法与技巧：答语中用one泛指第一个对话者询问的a little break。
答案：C
●锦囊妙计
不定代词的种类较多，用法各异，下面分别进行介绍。
1.one，some与any的用法
one可以泛指任何人，还可以在形容词和that、this等词后代替刚提过的可数名词，其复数形式为ones，可用作主语和宾语；one‘s是它的物主代词形式，可用作宾语；oneself是它的反身代词形式，可用作宾语。some和any通常用作定语，都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词、单数或复数名词。some用于单数可数名词前，表示"某一"。some用于数词前，表示"大约"。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定句中。例如：
One should wash oneself regularly.
This film is not as good as the one I saw yesterday.
He thought it over carefully and concluded that heavy objects always fell faster than light ones.
We have some food left.Have you any books?I don‘t have any books.
注意：①some可用于表达邀请或请求、预期的答案是肯定的或鼓励对方给予一个肯定的答复的问句。例如：
Could you let me have some coffee？（请求）
Would you like some bananas？（邀请）
②some和any可用作主语和宾语。例如：
Some are singing，others are dancing.（主语）
Does any of you know Mr Wang？（主语）
I don‘t like any of the books。（宾语）
③some，any，every，no与one，body，thing构成的合成代词都作单数看待。另外，some的合成代词一般用于肯定句，any的合成代词一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。例如：
Did anybody ask for you outside？
There is somebody waiting for you.
2.each，every的用法
①each强调个体，可以充当宾语、定语、主语和同位语，every强调整体，相当于汉语的"每个都"，在句中只作定语。例如：
The teacher had a talk with each of them.（宾语）
Each of us has two boxes.（主语）
We have two boxes each.（同位语）
Each boy has a bike.（定语）
Every one has strong and weak points.（定语）
② each所代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every所指的数必须是三个以上。例如：
Each of the two has won a prize.Every student in the class likes English.There is a line of trees on each side of the river.
3.none和no的用法：
①no=no any在句中作定语，修饰可数或不数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语。none不能用来说明两个人或物。例如：
There is no water in the well（井）.（定语）
None of them know the story.（主语）
I know none of them.（宾语）
②none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。例如：
None of the students are（is）afraid of difficulties。
③none不能回答who的问题，可回答how many或how much的问题，例如：
(误)-Who is in the classroom？-None.(改None为No one或Nobody)
(正)-How many students are there in the classroom？-None.
4.many和much的用法
many和much都表示"许多"， many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，都可用作主语、宾语和定语。例如：
Many of the students often go shopping.（主语）
I have much to do.（宾语）
There is not much water in the cup.（定语）
much有时用作状语，例如：
He likes playing football very much。（状语）
5.few，little；a few，a little的用法
①few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few与a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few与a few修饰可数名词，而little与a little修饰不可数名词，它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。例如：
He knows a little English.（定语）
He has many books.But few are interesting.（主语）
I know a little about Japanese（宾语）
②a few，a little可以用quite或only修饰，few和 little则不能。例如：
-How much water is left？
-Only a little./Qutie a little.
-How many books are left？
-Only a few./Quite a few.
6.other和 another
other泛指"另外的"，作定语，常与复数名词或单数不可数名词连用，但如果前面有the，this，that，some，any，each，every，no，none，one，or以及形容词性物主代词时，则可与单数名词连用。例如：all other rice，no other way，the other one，any other plant，every other day，some other reason等等。
others是other的复数形式，泛指"别的人或物"（但不是全部）。例如：
Don‘t lend the book to others.
Some are carrying water，others are watering the trees.
the other指"两者中的另一个"，常与one连用，作定语修饰复数名词时，表示另一方中的"全部其余的"。例如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
the others是the other的复数形式，特指"全部其余的人或物"。例如：
I have got ten pencils.Two of them are red，the others are blue.another指三个或三个以上中的任何一个，"现一……""另一个"，作代词或形容词。例如：
I don‘t like this dictionary.Please give me another.
one… the other指两个人或物当中的"一个"和"另外一个"；叙述三个不同的人或事物时，需用one，another，the third。例如：
Here are two books. One is for Mary，the other is for Jack.
Three boys are here.One is Dick，another is Tom and the third is David.
7.all和both的用法：
两个词都表示整体，但both指两个人或物，而all指三个以上的人或物。在句中都可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语。例如：
All of us should work hard.（主语）
We are all students.（同位语）
We both like to play football.（同位语）
We like both of the films.（宾语）
That‘s all for today.（表语）
All knowledge comes from practice.（定语）
注意：①all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。
②both和all加否定词是部分否定。如果表示全部否定，要分别用 neither和 none，例如：
Both of us are not teachers.（部分否定）我们俩不都是老师。
Neither of us is a teacher.（全部否定）我们俩都不是老师。
All of the books are not English books.（部分否定）
None of the books are English books.（全部否定）这些都不是英语书。
8.neither和either的用法
neither表示两者都不；either表示两者中的任何一个。两个词都表示单数，在句子中作主语、宾语和定语。例如：
Neither of the answers is correct.（主语）
Either sentence is right.（定语）
I know neither of the teachers.（宾语）
Here are two dictionaries. You may take either.（宾语）［参考包天仁主编《高考英语语法》］
●歼灭难点训练
1.(★★★★★)-Do you have________at home now,Allen?
-No,we still have to get several pounds of fruit and some tea.
A.something B.everything C.anything D.nothing
2.(★★★★)-What do you want me to say?
-________you like.
A.Anything B.Everything C.Something D.Nothing
3.(★★★★)-What shall we have for dinner tonight?
-Oh,I don‘t care.________.It‘s your job to come up with the menus,so get on with it.
A.Anything will do
B.I won‘t have lessons tomorrow
C.I needn‘t to talk about it with someone
D.What a nice meal
4.(★★★★)You can buy these maps at________railway station.They all have them.
A.all B.every C.each D.any
5.(★★★★★)I don‘t like these.Have you________?
A.some B.any others C.anothers D.another ones
6.(★★★★★)I prefer a street in a small town to________in such a large city________Shanghai.
A.that;as B.one;as C.one;like D.that;like
7.(★★★★)She won the first prize,though________of us________it.
A.no one;expected B.none;had expected
C.nobody;was expecting D.none;would expect
8.(★★★★★)-Do you live________near Jim?
-No,he lives in another part of the town.
A.somewhere B.nowhere C.anywhere D.everywhere
9.(★★★★)-Could you drop in on me on Friday or Saturday?
-I‘m afraid________day is possible.
A.either B.both C.neither D.any
10.(★★★★)-Which share is meant for me?
-You can take________half.They‘re exactly the same.
A.this B.any C.each D.either
11.(★★★★)-Is ________finished?
-Not yet.My dirty clothes are still soaking in the washing machine.
A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything
12.(★★★★)-Excuse me,but can you tell me which road I should take to the post office?
-________of the four roads will do.
A.Any B.Neither C.Both D.Every
13.(★★★★★)There is only an English-Chinese dictionary in that book-shop.I wonder if you still want to buy________.
A.it B.one C.another D.any
难点 4 不可混淆的延续性动词和非延续性动词
●难点磁场
1.(★★★★★)-Susan married Jason last Sunday.
-Really? How long________each other? Not more than a week,I‘ m afraid.
A.did they know B.have they known
C.have they got to know D.had they known
2.(★★★★)Glad to see you back. How long________in Russia?
A.did you stay B.have you stayed
C.were you staying D.have you been staying
●案例探究
1.They________for 3 years.
A.have married B.got married
C.have got married D.have been married
命题意图：考查动词的延续性，属于五星级题目。
知识依托：延续性动词可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
错解分析：A、C项迷惑性较大，因为学生认为其是完成时态，但marry和get married可看作非延续性动词和短语，故不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
解题方法与技巧：be married表状态，可以看作是延续性动词，可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
答案：D
●锦囊妙计
1.延续性动词可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而非延续性动词不行。
2.be married /be used to等表示状态的动词短语，可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
3.get married/ get used to /get to know等表示动作的动词短语不可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
●歼灭难点训练
汉译英
1.(★★★★)他参军三年了。
2.(★★★★★)直到他喊出我的名字，我才认出他。
3.(★★★★★)自从去年我就习惯早上5点起床。
难点 5 动词-ing形式的双重语法功能
动词-ing形式可用作动名词和现在分词，动名词由动词+ing构成，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。现在分词有一般时和完成时，在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。
●难点磁场
1.(★★★★)Though________money,his parents managed to send him to university.
A.lacked B.lacking of
C.lacking D.lacked in
2.(★★★★★)How about the two of us________a walk down the garden?
A.to take B.take
C.taking D.to be taking
3.(★★★★)________is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A.The walk B.Walking
C.To walk D.Walk
4.(★★★★)-I must apologize for________ahead of time.
-That‘s all right.
A.letting you not know B.not letting you know
C.letting you know not D.letting not you know
●案例探究
1.-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
-Well,now I regret________that.
A.to do B.to be doing
C.to have done D.having done
命题意图：考查学生对动词regret的掌握，属于四星级题目。
知识依托：regret doing结构表示后悔做了某件事。
错解分析：C项迷惑性较大。
解题方法与技巧：从对话所表达的内容来看，在会上提反对意见的人对其行为感到后悔。
答案：D
2.________such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A.Having suffered B.Suffering
C.To suffer D.Suffered
命题意图:考查学生对分词的掌握，属于五星级题目。
知识依托:现在分词的完成时表示分词的动作或状态在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前发生。
错解分析:B项迷惑性较大。现在分词的一般时表明分词表示的动作或状态和句子谓语表示的动作或状态同时发生或进行。
解题方法与技巧：分清现在分词的一般时和完成时所表示的含义不同。
答案：A
●锦囊妙计
1.动名词
1）动名词的用法：
①作主语。例如：
Seeing is believing. Collecting information is very important to business man. It is no use sitting here waiting.
注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。例如：
Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一具体动作）
但在it is no use/good,not any use /good,uselss等后一般用动名词。
②作表语。例如：
My job is teaching English.
③作宾语。例如：
He is fond of playing football.
He finished reading the book yesterday.
④作定语，a sitting room
2）动名词的复合结构：动名词复合结构的一般规则是：
①逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。例如：
Their coming to help us was a great encour agement to us.（主语）
She didn‘t mind Jack(him)coming late.（宾语）
They insist on Tom‘s(his)staying longer.（介宾）
②逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用名词普通格。例如：
Is there any hope of our team winning the match?
③逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone时，只用普通格。例如：
She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.
3）动名词的时态：动名词的时态分一般时和完成时两种。如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生，用动名词的一般时。例如：
We are interested in collecting stamps.
His coming will be of great help to us.
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。例如：
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
但是在某些动词或词组后，常用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。例如：
On hearing the bad news，she couldn‘t help crying.
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time。
4）动名词的语态：动名词的被动语态也有一般时与完成时两种。当主语是这个动名词所表示的动作对象时，动名词用被动语态。被动语态由"being+过去分词"或"having been+过去分词"构成。例如：
The young man came in without being noticed. He likes being helped.
He was afraid of being left at home.
The house showed no sign of having been damaged.
有些动名词在句中是主动形式，但有被动的含义。例如：
The house requires/needs/wants repairing.
注：在to be worth doing句型中，动名词doing表示的是被动意义。例如：
If a thing is worth doing，it is worth doing well.
2.分词
1）分词的时态和语态：
①分词分为现在分词和过去分词，现在分词有一般时和完成时。一般时表示和谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生的动作；完成时（having +过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。例如：
Being a student,he was interested in books.
He hurried home,looking behind him as he went.
Having studied in the university for 3 years,he knows the place very well.
②现在分词有一般时和完成时，且有主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态。如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作，就用分词完成时的被动形式。例如：
The question being discussed is of great importance.Having been criticized by the teacher,Li Ming gave up smoking.
过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式，没有完成时。
2)分词的用法：
①作定语。分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：
China is a developing country.The man standing at the window is our teacher.Polluted air and water are harmful to people‘s health.
注意：现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。
如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如：
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
②作状语：分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如：
Being too old ,he couldn‘t walk that far.
While reading the book,he nodded from time to time.(时间）
The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.(方式）
Standing on the building,you can see the whole city. （条件）
注意：a.分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致。b.表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。c.有时，"with(without)+名词（或代词宾语）+分词"的结构表示伴随情况。例如：
The spy sat on the ground,his hands tied behind his back.
d.当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。例如:
Time permitting,I will finish another lesson.Her glasses broken,she couldn‘t see the words on the blackboard.
③作表语。例如：
The new‘s inspiring.You shouldn‘t try to stand up if you are badly hurt.
④作宾语补足语。例如：
We saw the teacher making the experiment.John will get his room painted.
注意：在see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listen to,notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差别的。用现在分词表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。例如：
I saw the girl getting on the bus.
I saw the girl get on the bus and drive off.
He had his foot hurt in the fall.He had his clothes washed.(他叫别人洗了衣服）
We had the fire burning all day.(我们使火燃烧了一整天）
注意："have +宾语+现在分词"表示主体使客体处于某种状态或干什么事；"have+宾语+过去分词"表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。
3)过去分词、现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式作状语时的比较：
①过去分词与现在分词一般被动式作状语表示伴随动作或行为方式时，两者无多大区别，习惯上常用过去分词。例如：
（Being)Seized with a sudden fear,she gave a scream.
He came in,followed by a group of students.
在某些情况下，二者则是有区别的。例如：
Badly polluted ,the water cannot be drunk.(原因）
Being written in haste,the composition is full of mistakes.（原因，强调写的过程，故应用现在分词一般被动式）
②过去分词与现在分词完成被动式皆表示已完成的动作，在意义上无多大区别。例如：
（Having been)weakened by storms，the bridge was no longer safe.但有时是有区别的。例如：
Having been deserted(抛弃）by his guide,he couldn‘t find his way through the jungle.（为了强调已完成的动作）。
Asked to stay,I couldn‘t very well refuse.（这里asked可能意味着having been asked,也可能意味着when/since I was asked，但若用having been asked，就不会有歧义）下面句子中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如：
Covered with confusion,I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。
United,we stand;divided,we fall.团结则存，分裂则亡。
③有时现在分词一般时的被动式与其完成时的被动式完全同义，皆表示已完成的动作，这时用一般时的被动时较好。例如：
Being surrounded (Having been surrounded),the enemy troops were forced to surrender.
4)过去分词与现在分词意义上的区别：及物动词的过去分词表示"被动、完成"（不及物动词的过去分词只表示"完成"），现在分词表示"主动、进行"。动作动词的现在分词所描写的常是一种"动态"情景；其过去分词所描写的往往是一种静态情景，表示动作发生后事物所处的状态，试看下面的例子：
When the autumn wind blows,you can see yellow leaves falling off trees.（树叶正在下落）
He fell onto the fallen leaves inches thick and didn‘t hurt himself（落叶）
There stands a pine tree,covering the entrance of the cave.（正覆盖着，表示动作）
We found his forehead covered with sweat.（描写满脸是汗的状态）
●歼灭难点训练
1.(★★★★)________the big snake,the little girl stood under the tree________out of her life.
A.Seeing;frightened B.Seeing;frightening
C.Seen;frightened D.To see;frightening
2.(★★★★★)A:Were you busy last weekend?
B:Very.Rather than________time playing cards as usual,I devoted every effort to ________an advertisement.
A.waste;make B.wasting;making
C.to waste;make D.a waste of ;making
3.(★★★★★)The manager has had some problems________whether they should borrow the money from the banker.
A.to decide B.deciding
C.decided D.having decided
4.(★★★★)-How did you manage to get through the examination?
- ________very hard.
A.To work B.Working
C.By working D.Work
5.(★★★★)-What do you think of the speech?
-The speaker said ________nothing worth________.
A.nearly;listening to B.hardly;listening
C.scarcely;listening to D.almost;listening to
6.(★★★★)How many of us________a meeting is not important .
A.attended B.attending
C.to attend D.have attended
7.(★★★★)I hate________their complaints all day.One of these days I‘ll tell them what I really think.
A.paying attention to B.to talk about
C.listening to D.to have heard
8.(★★★★★)Nobody________any more to say,the meeting was closed.
A.having B.have
C.had D.has
9.(★★★★★) ________to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one‘s skin.
A.Exposed B.Having exposed
C.Being exposed D.After being exposed
10.(★★★★★)________all over the hills and around the lake are wild flowers of different kinds.
A.To grow B.Growing C.Grown D.Grow
11.(★★★★)-What‘s made Tommy so upset?
-I believe________the game.It shocked him so much.
A.for losing B.lost
C.losing D.because of losing
12.(★★★★)The time he has devoted in the past ten years________the disabled is now considered ________of great value.
A.to help;being B.to helping;to be
C.help;to be D.helping;being
13.(★★★★)He didn‘t seem to mind________TV while he was trying to study.
A.he easily watches B.his easy watching
C.his easily watching D.hiseasilywatched.
14.(★★★★)O‘Neal works hard.He is often seen________heavily before his teammates have even arrived at practice.?
A.sweated B.to be sweated?
C.sweating D.being sweated?
15.(★★★★)________good,the food was soon sold out.?
A.Tasted B.Being tasted?
C.Tasting D.Having tasted?
16.(★★★★)With his son________,the old man felt unhappy.?
A.to disappoint B.to be disappointed?
C.disappointing D.being disappointed?
17.(★★★★★)Silver is the best conductor of electricity,copper________it closely.?
A.followed B.to follow C.following D.being followed
18.(★★★★★)-Would you mind________me the dicionary??
-Of couse not.But it is ________my reach.?
A.passing;out B.passing;beyond?
C.to pass;far away D.to pass;out of ?
19.(★★★★★)-Who gave you this message??
-A man________himself Mr.Zhang.?
A.called B.calling C.calls D.is called
[next]难点6 定语从句解题的黄金规律--先行词、关系代（副）词的句法功能
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when ,why等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。
●难点磁场
1.(★★★★)-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
-Is that the reason ________you had a few days off?
A.why B.when C.what D.where
(NMET1999)
2.(★★★★★)Meeting my uncle after all these was an unforgettable moment,________I will always treasure.
A.that B.one C.it D.what
(NMET2002)
3.(★★★★)Alec asked the policeman________he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. (上海2002)
A.with him B.who C.with whom D.whom
4.(★★★★)There‘s a feeling in me________we‘ll never know what a UFO is.
A.that B.which C.of which D.what （上海2002）
5.(★★★★)We will be shown around the city:schools,museum,and some other places,________other visitors seldom go.
A.what B.which C.where D.when
6.(★★★★)After living in Paris for fifty years,he returned to the small town________he grew up as a child.
A.which B.where C.that D.when
(NMET1996)
7.(★★★★★)Carol said the work would be done by October,________personally I doubt very much.
A.it B.that C.when D.which
(NMET1999)
8.(★★★★★)Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,________of course,made the others unhappy.
A.who B.which C.this D.what
(NMET2000)
●案例探究
1.The film brought the hours back to me________I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
A.until B.that C.when D.where
(NMET2001)
命题意图：考查学生对定语从句的掌握，属于五星级题目。
知识依托：先行词是表示时间的词，从句中缺少状语，通常用关系副词when。
错解分析：本题有一定难度，主要是由于在先行词和定语从句之间有其他的词。
解题方法与技巧：首先要找准先行词，先行词hours表示的是时间，当先行词是表示时间的词时，可能有2种情况：如果从句中缺少状语，通常用关系副词when，如题；如果在从句中缺少主语或宾语，通常用关系代词that或which。
答案：C
2.________is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A.It B.As C.That D.What
(NMET2001)
命题意图：考查学生对定语从句中关系代词as的用法。属于五星级题目。
知识依托：as引导非限制性定语从句。
错解分析：A项迷惑性较大。但it是形式主语，后应用that从句作真正主语。如：It‘s known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
解题方法与技巧：根据题干的逗号可以判断，空缺处应填关系代词as，引导非限制性定语从句。在这种用法中，as的意思是"正像""像""那样"，定语从句则表达了说话人的对某事的态度和看法。
答案：B
●锦囊妙计
1.由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句：这类定语从句中， who用作主语，whom用作宾语，whose用作定语。例如：
This is the man who helped me.
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu?
2.which引导的定语从句：which在从句中作主语或谓语动词和介词的宾语。例如：
This is the book which you want.
The building which stands near the river is our school.
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.
3.由that引导的定语从句：that在定语从句中可以指人或物，在从句中作主语、谓语动词或介词的宾语。（但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语）例如：
The letter that I received was from my father.
注意在下面几种情况下必须用that而不用which引导定语从句：
①先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。例如：All that we have to do is to practise every day.
②先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。例如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.This is the best film I‘ve ever seen.
③先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。例如：I have read all the books(that)you gave me.
④先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时，例如：He is the only person that/(who) I want to talk to .
⑤先行词既有人又有物时，例如：They talked of things and persons that they remembered.
⑥当句中已有who时，为避免重复。例如：Who is the man that is talking to John?
⑦用作关系代词，修饰表示时间的名词如day,time,moment等，代替when。例如：It happened on the day that/when I was born.
⑧如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用，则另一个用that。例如：Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
4.由when,where,why引导的定语从句。例如:
I know the reason why he came late.
This is the place where we lived for 5 years.
I will never forget the day when I met Mr Liu.
注意：先行词是表示地点或时间时，有时用where或when，有时用that(which)引导定语从句，这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which)，否则用where或when。例如：
This is the house where he lived last year.
This is the house that(which)he visited last year.
I thought of the happy days when I stayed in Beijing.
I have never forgotten the day which we spent together.
5.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：
①限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开，引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略；
②非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思的完整，一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。关系代词用which，不用that；指人时可用who，例如：
I have two sisters,who are both students.
Crusoe‘s dog,which was now very old,became ill and died.
6.as引导的定语从句：
①as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、表语或状语，构成the same…as,such…as等结构。例如：
I like the same book as you do.(as作宾语）
I shall do it in the same way as you did.（as作状语）
I want to have such a dictionary as he has.(as作宾语）；
②as引导非限定性定语从句。as在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前。例如：
As we all know,he studies very hard.（as代表整个句子，作宾语）
As is known to all,he is the best student in our class.（as代表整个句子，作主语）
常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above,as is already mentioned above,as is known to all,as it is,as is often the case,as is reported in the newspaper等。
注意：①关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致；②关系代词whom,which,that在限定性定语从句作动词宾语或介词宾语，而该介词又位于从句末尾时，经常省略，但as一般不省略；③关系代词which和as在定语从句中的区别是：which不能放在句首，而as则可以；在句中时，as有"正如""就像"之意，而which则没有此意。
●歼灭难点训练
1.(★★★★★)Is this hotel________you said we were to stay in your letter.
A.where B.which C.in that D.in which
2.(★★★★)The wrong you‘ve done him is terrible,for________you should make an apology to him,I think.
A.this B.which C.what D.that
3.(★★★★)We played in the garden till sunset,________it began to rain.
A.when B.after C.while D.then
4.(★★★★)I‘d like a car________front lights are big and round.
A.which B.that C.whose D.what
5.(★★★★)"Who Moved My Chinese?",________is a best-selling book,is written by Spencer Johnson.
A.which B.that C.it D.what
6.(★★★★★)Is there a shop around________I can get a pack of cigarette?
A.which B.where C.that D. what
7.(★★★★)Another unmanned spacecraft"ShenzhouⅡ",________China greets the 21st century,marks new progress in the century‘s space program.
A.for which B.from which C.in which D.with which
8.(★★★★)Beijing government puts more than 700 million yuan to increase its green space this year,________doubles the money provided last year.
A.as B.while C.that D.which
9.(★★★★)That passenger was very impolite to the conductor,________of course,made things even worse.
A.who B.whom C.what D.which
10.(★★★★)Helen is much more kind to her youngest child than to the others,________of course,makes the others unhappy.
A.who B.which C.she D.that
11.(★★★★★)I‘ll never forget the days________I lived in the country with the farmers,________has a great effect on my life.
A.that;which B.when;which C.which;that D.when;who
12.(★★★★★)David gets up early and takes a walk in the morning,______is usual with him.
A.as B.that C.what D.such
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