2010-01-26 来源：文都教育 我要评论（0）
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning） (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, mark Y(for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO）if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN）if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Highways
Early in the 20th century, most of the streets and roads in the U.S. were made of dirt, brick, and cedar wood blocks. Built for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate (容纳）automobiles.
With the increase in auto production, private turnpike (收费公路）companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John Macadam (for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. Army's first transcontinental motor convoy (车队), he noted: "The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany's Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land".
It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national highway system. During World War II, a tremendous increase in trucks and new roads were required. The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort: thirteen per cent of defense plants received all their supplies by truck, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to a confusing variety of design sandards. Even federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds, while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds. A government study recommended a national highway system of 33,920 miles, and congress passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which called for strict contract-controlled design criteria.
The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public projects of the century. To build its 44,000 mile web of highways, bridges, and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out. Consider the many geographic features of the country: mountains, steep grades, wetlands, rivers, deserts and plains. Variables included the slope of the land, and the ability of the pavement to support the load. Innovative designs of roadways, tunnels, bridges, overpasses, and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever altering the face of America.
Long-span, segmented-concrete, cable-stayed bridges such as Hale Boggs in Louisiana and Mr. Baker in Washington developed under the nation's physical challenges. Traffic control systems and methods of construction developed under the interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the world, and were invaluable in improving the condition of urban streets and traffic patterns.
Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S. and the U.S. with Canada and Mexico. Built with safety in mind the highways have wide lanes and shoulders, dividing medians, or barriers, long entry and exit lanes, curves engineered for safe turns, and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S. roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads).
By opening the North American continent, highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs, access to cultural programs, health care, and other benefits. Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they enrich most: personal freedom of mobility.
The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation's economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation: more than 75 percent of the nation's freight deliveries arrive by truck. And most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle.
Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, shopping centres. It has allowed the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural.
By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads, residential streets, expressways, and freeways built to support millions of vehicles, the high way system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. The year construction began he said: "Together, the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear United States. Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts."
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
2. General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two-Lane highways of America.
3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national highway system.
4. Many of the problems presented by the country's geographical features found solutions in innovative engineering projects.
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.
6. The interstate highway system provides access between major military installations in America.
7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the inter-state highway system.
8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was_______.
9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than_______.
10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition_______.
一、篇章结构
二、核心词汇
1． accommodate v. ①供给 ②适应，迎合 ③容纳
【搭】accommodate to适应，顺应【拓】accommodation n.（常pl.）住宿，膳宿
2． authority n. ①权力 ②权威 ③（常pl.）当局
【搭】an authority on在……方面的权威；authority over对……人的凌驾
3． adequate a. ①充足的，足够的 ②适当的，胜任的
【用】problem of adequate food and clothing 温饱问题【搭】be adequate for sth.……充足；be adequate to (doing) sth. 胜任【拓】adequacy n. 足够；inadequate a. 不充足的，不适当的【辨】enough，sufficient，adequate 都表示足够的意思，但是enough 指愿望上的满足；sufficient指需要的，达到目的的满足，所以事实上常常已经 sufficient，但并不一定感到enough；adequate表示刚够、正合适的意思。
4． restriction n. 限制，约束
【用】supervision and restriction 监督制约；legal restrictions法律限制【拓】restrict v. 限制，约束；restrict…to 把……限制在； restrictive a.限制的，约束的
5． essential a. ①本质的，实质的 ②提炼的，精华的 n.①本质，实质 ②要素，要点
【搭】be essential to 对……绝对必要，极其重要【拓】essentially ad. 基本上，本质上【辨】necessary和essential 都有必要的意思，但是意思有所不同。necessary指一般的和不确定的用语。essential是绝对意味最强的用语，指事物的本质。
6． immense a. 极广大的，无边的
【拓】immensely ad. 非常地，极端地；immensity n. 巨大，广大
7． dynamic a. ①动力的，动态的 ②有活力的，强有力的 n. 动力学
【用】dynamic economics 动态经济学；a man of dynamic personalities 性格活跃的人；dynamic phenomenon动态现象；a dynamic market充满活力的市场
三、试题详解
1. 【答案】N
【原题译文】1921年，相关公路建设的国家标准出台。
【快速解题】本题的题干的关键词是by 1921，National standards和paved roads，由此可定位到原文第二段的开头部分。
【篇章分析】原文第二段起始部分说，“by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers…Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs.”该题的表述显然与原文是相互矛盾的，所以是不对的。
2. 【答案】Y
【原题译文】艾森豪威尔将军认为宽阔的德国高速公路比美国双车道公路更合理。
【快速解题】本题的关键是General Eisenhower，由此即可定位到第二段的后半部分。
【篇章分析】原文第二段后半部分指出：“When General Eisenhower…he noted: The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany’s Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.”这显然与本题表述是一致的，所以正确。
3. 【答案】Y
【原题译文】美国政府是在20世纪50年代最终开始建设国家公路系统的。
【快速解题】本题的题干是1950s，由此可以快速准确地定位到第四段首句。
【篇章分析】原文第四段首句指出：“The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956.”这显然与本题表述是一致的，所以正确。
4. 【答案】Y
【原题译文】由国家地理面貌引起的众多问题在创新性工程项目中得到了解决。
【快速解题】本题的题干是geographical features和innovative，由此即可定位到本文第四段。
【篇章分析】原文第四段指出：“Consider the many geographic features of the country… Innovative designs of roadways, tunnels, bridges, overpasses, and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever altering the face of America.”这显然与本题表述是一致的，所以正确。
5. 【答案】N
【原题译文】尽管考虑到了安全因素，美国州际公路的死亡率仍高于其他道路的死亡率。
【快速解题】本题的题干是death rate，interstate highway和higher，由此可定位到本文第六段最后一句。
【篇章分析】原文第六段最后一句指出：“The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S roads.”这与该题的表述显然是矛盾的，所以错误。
6. 【答案】NG
【原题译文】州际公路系统为美国各主要军事基地提供通道。
【快速解题】本题的题干是major military installations，由题干中的military即可定位到本文第三段。
【篇章分析】原文第三段第三句指出：“The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort.” 原文显然没有提及州际公路系统是否为美国各主要军事基地提供通道。这道题没有信息依据，所以答案是NG。
7. 【答案】N
【原题译文】服务站、汽车旅馆和饭店推动了州际公路系统的快速发展。
【快速解题】由题干中的Service stations，motels and restaurants即可定位到本文倒数第二段。
【篇章分析】原文倒数第二段指出：“Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centres.”这与该题的表述显然是矛盾的，所以错误。
8. 【答案】personal freedom of mobility
【原题译文】州际公路系统带来的最大好处是______。
【快速解题】本题的题干是greatest benefit，由此即可定位到本文第七段的最后一句。
【篇章分析】原文第七段最后一句指出：“Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they enrich most: personal freedom of mobility.”显然，题干中的greatest benefit与原文中的they cherish most对应，brought about与原文中的provide…with…对应，所以本题填原文内容personal freedom of mobility即可。
9. 【答案】75 percent of the nation’s freight deliveries
【原题译文】超过______由使用州际高速公路的卡车来运送。
【快速解题】本题的题干是trucks和deliver more than，由此即可定位到原文第八段首句。
【篇章分析】原文第八段首句指出：“more than 75 percent of the nation’s freight deliveries arrive by truck.”所以本题填原文内容75 percent of the nation’s freight deliveries即可。
10. 【答案】his vision and leadership
【原题译文】州际高速公路以艾森豪威尔的名字重新命名，以此来纪念______。
【快速解题】本题的题干是renamed after Eisenhower，由此可定位到原文最后一段中间部分。
【篇章分析】原文最后一段的中间部分指出：“…the high way system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership.”本题与原文的语序是一致的，只是将原文to honor后面的成分改为由in recognition of（表示对……的认可）引起的空格，所以填入his vision and leadership即可。
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四、全文精译
公路
20世纪初期，美国的大多数街道和公路是用泥土、 砖块和杉木板铺设的。这种为骑马、 赶车和步行设计的道路通常养护不佳且过于狭窄，容纳不下汽车行驶。
随着汽车产量的增加，私营的收费公路公司在地方政府的支持下如雨后春笋般涌现。截止到1921年，一共铺设了38.7万公里的公路。其中，大多数公路沿用了19世纪苏格兰工程师托马斯•特尔福德和约翰•麦克亚当（碎石路面就是以他的名字命名的）所制定的规范，这种建造规范强调道路排水通畅的重要性。此外，当时并没有针对道路规格、载重限制和商业标牌的全国性标准。一战期间，货车几乎把全国的公路都破坏掉了。当艾森豪威尔将军1919年从德国回来，到美军第一个跨大陆机动车队任职时，他指出：“这些老车队使我想到要建造良好的双车道公路，而德国的机动车道让我看到了在全国建造更宽的道路的明智所在。”
联邦政府真正开始建立国家公路系统是在另一次战争之后。二战时期，对货车和新道路数量的需求大幅度上升。战争证明了道路对于防御工作的重要性。13%生产防御设备的工厂靠卡车运送原材料，而几乎其他所有工厂半数以上的产品都由汽车运送。战争同样也暴露了各地建设的公路因设计标准的差异所带来的问题。就连联邦和各州的公路都没有一个基本标准。一些州允许卡车载重量高达3.6万磅， 但另一些却限制载重不可以超过7,000磅。一项政府研究项目建议在全国建设一个总长度为33,920英里的国家公路系统，国会很快通过了《1944年联邦资助公路法案》，提出要建立严格的、由中央控制的道路建设规范。
州际公路体系最终于1956年动工，它被誉为那个世纪最伟大的公共建设项目。为建设其4.4万公里长的公路—桥梁—隧道网，人们制定了数以百计的有针对性的工程设计方案和解决办法。方案要考虑到各地的地理特征：山地、 陡坡、 湿地、 河流、 沙漠和平原。道路的各种变化包括地面的倾斜程度、公路的载重负荷能力、道路的使用强度和地表土壤的种类。城市区域有另外的问题。能够穿过或绕过城市区域的道路、隧道、桥梁、天桥和立交桥等创新设计在全国各地涌现出来，永远改变了美国的面貌。
像路易斯安娜的黑尔•博格斯大桥和佛罗里达的阳光高架桥一样的长跨度混凝土吊索桥，以及像马里兰的麦克亨利堡隧道和华盛顿的贝克山的著名隧道，它们的建设都克服了地理环境的挑战。由州际公路项目所发展起来的交通控制体系和建造方法，很快就影响了全世界的公路建设，并在改善城市街道和交通模式方面起到了不可估量的作用。
现在，州际交通体系不仅连接了美国国内的各大城市，并且把美国与加拿大和墨西哥连接了起来。出于安全性的考虑，公路都建有宽敞的车道和路肩、分隔栏或路障、较长的入口和出口车道、为安全拐弯而设计的弯转，以及限制出入的通道。高速公路上的事故死亡率仅为美国其他道路的一半（高速公路旅客周转量1亿人英里的死亡率是0.86，而其他公路则是1.99）。
高速公路开放了美洲大陆，让消费品和服务可以惠及边远的农村地区，刺激了郊区的发展，给人们提供了更多的就业、文化、医疗和其他福利的选择。总之，州际公路体系提供了个人最为珍视的东西：个人迁移的自由。
从海运和创造就业机会的角度来说，州际交通体系一直是国家经济增长不可或缺的要素：全国75%以上的货运由卡车完成，且大多数空运和铁路运输产品最终也将通过跨州系统由汽车运送到目的地。公路系统不但提供了海运通道，影响了美国的经济，还促进了服务站、 汽车旅馆、饭店、 购物中心等副业的增长。它还使制造厂和其他工业设施得以从城市迁向乡村。
到上世纪末，美国已经建成了集公路、住宅区街道、高速公路于一体的巨大的道路网络，足以容纳数以百万计的车辆。公路系统被正式更名为艾森豪威尔，以纪念其远见卓识和领导才华。在开工的那一年，艾森豪威尔曾说：“通信和交通系统的联合力量是我国最重要的活力来源。失去它们，我们仅是各自分裂的松散联盟。”
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